Aeneid

The Aeneid was written by a Rome's greatest poet named Virgil or Vergil (full name was Publius Vergilius Maro) and lived in 70-19 BC. Although Virgil wrote a couple of other works, it was the Aeneid which brought him fame after his death, during the reign of the Emperor Augustus (reign 27 BC - AD 14). To read about the background of the Aeneid, see Virgil and the Political Background.

• Introduction

• Perilous Voyage

• War in Italy

Introduction

• Legends of Aeneas

• Virgil and the Political Background

Legends of Aeneas

Aeneas, the Trojan hero who survived the war at Troy, was a subject of several legends. The official legend of Aeneas was that found in a Latin epic, The Aeneid, written by a Roman poet named Virgil or Vergil. According to this epic, Aeneas settled in Italy, not far from the present site of Rome.

Ovid followed more or less Virgil's epic about Aeneas after the Trojan War. Ovid only gave a brief sketch of Aeneas' voyage to Italy and the war against the Latins; all of this took place in Book 14 of the Metamorphoses.

I will cover this legend shortly, but in this introduction I would like us to look at the various legends of his survival.

According to classical mythology, Aeneas was the son of Anchises. His mother was the Greek goddess Aphrodite or the Roman goddess Venus. A story of the conception of Aeneas can be found in the Homeric Hymns. One long hymn was dedicated to the goddess Aphrodite.

The House of Troy was actually divided into two branches: that of Dardania and that of Troy or Ilium. Aeneas actually belonged to the Dardania, a house older than Troy, but Troy became more powerful than Dardania. So in actual fact Aeneas was a Dardanian prince, not a Trojan.

In the major epic of the Trojan War, titled The Iliad, which was written by Homer, Aeneas' role was minor. Despite this minor role in the epic, Homer says that Aeneas was second only to Hector as a warrior, on the Trojan side. Hector the son of King Priam of Troy and of Hecuba, was commander-in-chief of the Trojans and their allies, while Aeneas had served as second-in-command.

In one scene, when Poseidon rescued Aeneas from the Greek champion, Achilles, the sea god saved him and mentioned to him that he was destined not only to survive Troy's fall, but becomes its new king.

Homer doesn't mention Aeneas in his other epic, The Odyssey, which was devoted to the homecoming of the Ithacan hero Odysseus.

When Troy was sacked, all authors mentioned that Aeneas survived the war.

The fragments of two epic poems collected in the so-called Epic Cycle showed two very different outcomes for Aeneas after the war.

According to The Little Iliad, Aeneas was captured and given to Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, as a slave, along with Andromache, the wife of Hector. He probably lived the rest of his life in Pharsalia.

In the other Epic Cycle poem, The Sack of Ilium, Aeneas and his Dardanian followers were alarmed when two large sea serpents killed Laocoon and his son, before the Trojan Horse. Aeneas took this as a bad sign, so he gathered his followers returned to Mount Ida, leaving Troy to its fate. So, Aeneas wasn't there when the city was captured.

Neither of these two works mentioned Aeneas carrying his crippled father out of Troy or him sailing off from Troy to find a new home in Italy, which were found in The Aeneid. The mythographer Apollodorus also doesn't mention Italy. He did say however that Aeneas did carry his father out of Troy, but he also said that the Greeks allowed him to leave the city because of his piety. However, this image of him escaping Troy with his father and son does appear in a 6th century BC vase painting.

The earliest connections of Aeneas with Italy and Rome were found in the works of two Greek writers, Hellanicus of Lesbos and Damastes of Sigeum. They actually said that Aeneas founded Rome.

The earliest Latin works concerning Aeneas come from Marcus Porcius Cato, also known as Cato the Elder or Cato the Censor (234-149 BC), who wrote The Origines. Cato said that Aeneas married Lavionia, daughter of King Latinus of Latium, and founded Alba Longa.

Such was the popularity of Aeneas that other people in the Middle Ages began associating their cultures and civilisations with the Trojans, and in particular to Aeneas. In the prologue of the medieval Icelandic Edda, Snorri Sturluson identified Troy with Asgard and Aeneas with Vidar, son of Odin and survivor of Ragnarok. Snorri associated the destruction of Asgard during Ragnarok with that of Troy.

According to the Welsh (pseudo-) historian, Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his Historia regum Britanniae, a long line of British kings were said to be descendants of Aeneas. Aeneas' grandson Brutus was said to have migrated to Britain; Brutus became the eponymous founder of Britain.

Virgil and the Political Background

The Aeneid was written by a Rome's greatest poet named Virgil or Vergil (full name was Publius Vergilius Maro) and lived in 70-19 BC. Though, Virgil wrote a couple of other works, it was the Aeneid that brought him fame after his death, during the reign of the Emperor Augustus (reign 27 BC - AD 14).

Though it may seem to be incomplete because Virgil untimely death, the Aeneid was very popular in Rome. The Aeneid was used in Latin classroom throughout Rome's history.

Augustus was originally named Gaius Octavius (54 BC - AD 14). Octavius (Augustus) was a great nephew of Julius Caesar, the great statesman and general. Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, when he gained absolute power in Rome, in the form of dictatorship. The Senate fearing his tyranny, so the senators stabbed Caesar to death.

Octavius was a member of the Second Triumvirate (43-32 BC), with Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius) and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. The Triumvirate was a mean of sharing political and military power during the last years of the Roman Republic. Though Octavius and Antony were partners, they were also rivals and their alliances were uneasy at the best of time. They split the Roman world in three, with Octavius receiving the western provinces, including Italy, while Antony received the eastern provinces. Lepidus received Sicily and Africa, but he was a minor player in the Triumvirate. Antony married Octavia, Octavius' sister, to seal the deal.

They were involved in civil war against Caesar's murderers. But once their enemies were all dead, their alliance began to crumble. The Second Triumvirate split because Antony had fallen under the charm of Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt. Antony married Cleopatra while Octavia was in Greece and Rome, looking after his political affairs. Antony had several children from Cleopatra.

Civil war resulted when Antony sent his wife back to Rome and divorced Octavia. It was the excuse Octavius needed to declare war upon Antony and Cleopatra. Octavius defeated Antony's fleet in a naval battle at Actium, on 31 BC. The following year in Egypt, Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide.

This left Octavius as the sole ruler of the Roman world. To avoid assassination like his great uncle Julius Caesar, Octavius reorganised military and political structure, so that the Senate would bestow power to him. Octavius knew that Rome did not need another civil war. While the Senate still administered some of the more peaceful provinces, Octavius received control over the rest of the provinces, since he has the backing of the entire army.

In 27 BC, Octavius had changed his name to Augustus. Augustus was emperor, and the Roman Republic had officially ended. A new era had begun in Rome.

The empire began to prosper from his constitutional settlement. Like Athens at the height of its power, Augustus established a program of developing magnificent new buildings for Rome.

And like Napoleon in France after the French Revolution, Augustus became a great patron of arts, architectures and literature. Augustus saw this as an excellent vehicle to justify his rights to imperial powers.

Augustus had used Virgil's work, as media of propaganda for establishing his imperial power and promoting the Pax Romana, the era of the "Roman Peace".

The epic is the account of the adventure of the Trojan hero, Aeneas, after the Trojan War. Virgil tried to give Rome a sense of heroic past, by associating their great city with Aeneas, as the ancestor of the Roman people. Julius Caesar and Augustus claimed direct ancestry to Aeneas through Ascanius, son of Aeneas, otherwise known as Iulus.

However, Virgil was not the only writer to link their pasts with Aeneas or other heroes.

Alexander the Great, one of the greatest soldiers of antiquity, seriously believed he was descendant of Achilles and Neoptolemus. When Alexander was in Egypt, the priests say that he was the son of god Amon.

In Iceland, Snorri Sturluson wrote in the Prose Edda, that Asgard, home of the gods, was actually Troy, and that the Norse gods were Trojan heroes, such as Thor was Hector and Vali (Ali) was Helenus. Snorri continued that the fall of Troy was Ragnarök, and that Aeneas was the god Vidar, who survived Ragnarök.

Similarly, Geoffrey of Monmouth, who wrote Historia regum Britanniae (1137), said that the first king of Britain was Brutus, great-grandson of Aeneas. Brutus left Italy to find a new home on the British Isles. Over a thousand years later, Arthur was said to be a descendant of Brutus. Therefore, Aeneas was his ancestor.

By claiming linkage to Aeneas, Heracles or a number of other heroes, rulers and nobles tended to think that they deserved the right of kingship or godhood. Seriously though, I found it quite amusing and I believed that these people were suffering from delusions of grandeur.

Perilous Voyage

• Search For A New Home

• Dido

• Anchises and Sibyl

Search For A New Home

The Aeneid actually began its tale in Carthage.

A fierce storm broke out at sea, with stormy winds driving the Trojan fleet to Carthage. It was no ordinary storm. Juno, or Hera as they called her among the Greeks, Queen of Heaven, had stirred the winds and sea. Since the time of the Judgment of Paris, the goddess' hatred for the Trojans hadn't lessened since the death of Paris and the sack of mighty Troy. She was a supporter of the Greek army, determined to rid of Troy for being slighted in a beauty contest, when Paris awarded the apple of discord to Venus, a Latin name for the love goddess Aphrodite.

This Trojan fleet was led by the Dardanian prince, Aeneas, son of Anchises and Venus (Aphrodite). He was the leader of the Dardanians in the war at Troy, but he survived and gathered the survivors to find a new home for his people. The goddess Juno (Hera) continued to oppose him and his people.

In Carthage, the goddess hoped that its ruler and its kingdom would turn against these strangers, or at least divert Aeneas from fulfilling his destiny in Italy. But this kingdom was ruled by a Phoenician queen – Dido.

Dido was the founder of Carthage after she fled with her sister Anna from Phoenicia, after their brother, Pygmalion, murdered Sychaeus, Dido's husband and uncle.

Venus took action to ensure her son's survival. The love goddess persuaded her son Cupid (Eros) to make the Carthaginian queen fall in love with Aeneas, so the Carthaginian queen would not harm her son.

When Aeneas disembarked from his ship, Cupid took the form of Aeneas' son, Ascanius, when they met the queen. With Cupid's presence, Dido fell in love with Aeneas.

A banquet was held in honour of her Trojan guests, where Aeneas recounted his adventures. Aeneas began his narration with the last days of Troy.

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Troy had fallen due to a ruse, in which the Greeks had hidden inside a giant Wooden Horse. The Greek fleet had gone, pretending they had left in defeat. At night, while the Trojans slept after an apparent victory over the Greeks, those inside the Trojan Horse came out of its belly and opened Troy's gate for the returning Greek army. Many Trojans were killed in the first hour of treachery and massacre, despite their valiant stand to save their city.

When Aeneas realised that Troy could not be saved, he went to rescue his family. Since Anchises, former king of the Dardanians, was crippled, Aeneas had to carry his father on his back. Aeneas left his home with his son Ascanius (Iulus) in tow, and his wife Creusa, the daughter of King Priam of Troy and Hecuba, following behind them. During their flight, Cresua got separated from her husband. She vanished, apparently killed.

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Aeneas reached the safety of Mount Ida with his father and son. Other survivors also managed to reach Mount Ida. After the Greeks left with Troy destroyed and the Trojan survivors enslaved, Aeneas and his followers left Troy. With twenty ships they sailed to Thrace, hoping to find a new home. However the ghost of his cousin Polydorus, son of Priam, warned them of his murder by the treacherous Thracian king named Polymestor.

Aeneas was advised to find a new home for his people from the land of their "ancient mother", which they assumed to be Crete, the original home of Teucer, their Trojan ancestor. They had arrived on this island only to decide to leave Crete again when they found that the island was suffering from a famine.

It was only when they reached Buthrotum in Epeirus that they met Helenus, the seer and the son of Priam. Helenus had been a slave to Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, but gained his freedom because of his wise counsel. Andromache, Hector's wife, was also freed, and she married the seer. It was Helenus who informed them that their final destination was Italy.

The journey to Italy was long and fraught with perils. Just before they met Helenus they were driven away by the Harpies on the islands of Strophades. They avoided the narrow strait where the six-headed monster Scylla and the whirlpool Charybdis were.

They suffered from hardship in their travels, encountering wild storms, the Harpies, and in Sicily they rescued an Ithacan named Achaemenides, whom Ulysses (Odysseus) had left behind. Achaemenides' timely warning allowed Aeneas and his followers to escape from Polyphemus, the blind Cyclops. (See Odyssey about how Ulysses blinded Polyphemus.)

Aeneas' father died in Drepanum, in Sicily.

Dido

After Aeneas' narration, Dido listened with growing, unnatural love and desire for the stranger. The only person she could talk about this was her sister, Anna. Anna didn't realise that Dido's love was not natural; she was unaware that the gods had inflicted upon her sister a love that would bring tragic consequences to her queen. Anna thought that Aeneas would be the perfect husband for her sister, a fate that was not meant to be. She encouraged the queen to give the utmost attention to their suppliant and guest.

So the queen welcomed Aeneas and the Trojans to stay in Carthage, offering her palace to the Trojan royalty in the hope that Aeneas would in time become her husband.

Juno hoped that Aeneas would marry Dido, in the hope that he would forget his destiny in Italy. Venus had the opposite thought in this matter. During a hunting trip, a storm scattered the hunting party. Aeneas and Dido took shelter in a cave, and the next morning, it soon became common knowledge in Carthage that Dido had slept with Aeneas. Though they were not married, Dido had lost her wits, believing that they were married.

For months, Aeneas and his followers stayed in Carthage. They all believed that this would be their new home. Aeneas was often seen at her side, and it seemed that Dido has already given up her right to rule her city.

Aeneas seemed willing to stay in Carthage and become Dido's husband. But Jupiter (Zeus) finally decided to take control of the situation. The king of the gods knew also of Aeneas' destiny, and sent Mercury (Hermes), his messenger, to the Dardanian hero with words that he had lingered long enough in Carthage, giving him a direct order that he had to leave with his followers.

Aeneas tried to leave Carthage in secret, but Dido found out and tried to dissuade him from leaving. Aeneas told her that he was reluctant to leave, but he had been given an order by Jupiter that his home was in Italy.

Dido could neither detain nor hurt him; she cursed him that her death would haunt him for the rest of his life. She made further entreaties to Aeneas as the Trojans made preparations for the journey.

When the final preparations were made, Dido gave up. She became inconsolable and quite mad over Aeneas abandoning her. Dido asked Anna to order that preparations should be made to sacrifice to Stygian Jupiter (Hades or Pluto), all the possessions that belonged to Aeneas, such as his sword and clothing. All would be burned in the pyre. Dido told her sister that it was the only way that she could forget the traitorous Trojan. Anna didn't realise her sister's true intentions.

The moment she saw that the ships had left her harbour, Dido returned to the bed which she had shared with Aeneas. On the bed were Aeneas' sword and clothing. With final words to the gods, she fell upon Aeneas' sword.

Anna and the servant found out that their queen had taken her own life. Anna realised the true purpose of the funeral pyre. She blamed herself, since she had encouraged her sister to believe that Aeneas was a worthy husband for her. Rather than wait, Anna had her sister placed upon the funeral pyre and set alight.

Aeneas did see the black smoke from a distance, but did not know that it was from Dido's funeral pyre.

See Carthage in Geographia about the alternative legend of Dido's death.

Anchises and Sibyl

Sailing away from Africa, they were at sea for days before they reached Sicily again. This time they were guests of Acestes, in Eryx. Acestes' mother was Trojan, so he helped Aeneas prepare a great set of funeral games for Aeneas' father, Anchises, who had died at Drepanum.

Then they set out again for Italy, hoping to reach Cumae so he could consult with the Sibyl. Before they had landed in Eryx, Palinurus, the pilot of Aeneas' ship, complained about the dark, stormy skies. But before they reached Cumae, the pilot was lulled by the calm weather and sea; he fell asleep at the tiller, then fell overboard and drowned.

The Trojans reached Cumae, and Aeneas found and met the Sibyl, the seeress and priestess of Apollo and Diana in Diana's Wood. Her name was Deiphobe, daughter of Glaucus. Through a trance, Sibyl foresaw that Aeneas would find greater danger in Latium than he ever did on the high seas. In Latium, Aeneas would have to fight another war, if he was to win a homeland for his son and people. The prophetess also disclosed that one of his men, named Misenus, had died as the two of them talked.

Aeneas was not satisfied with just Sibyl's prophecy. He wanted to go to the Underworld to visit his father; a promise he had made before Anchises had died. The Sibyl agreed to guide him through the Underworld if he could find the Golden Bough.

The Golden Bough was sacred to Proserpine (Persephone), and would be offered to the goddess. Another name for the bough was the Wand of Destiny. Like the name implied, the leaf and stem was golden in colour. Pluck the bough from its tree, and another one would grow in its place. However, no one could pluck this Golden Bough unless the person were destined to do so; not even an axe or sword could cut the Bough from the tree. It could only found on one tree, somewhere in Diana's Wood. Aeneas felt a little despair, because the wood was quite large and dense.

While his men prepared a funeral pyre for Misenus, a white bird flew past Aeneas' face. The Trojan hero recognised the dove, which was sacred to his mother. He believed that his mother had sent the bird to aid him, so he followed the flight of Venus' dove.

Aeneas found the Golden Bough on a holm-oak tree. Aeneas had to pull a couple of times before the Golden Bough would come free in his hands. Aeneas brought the bough to the Sibyl, and they made preparations to descend into the Underworld.

Aeneas and the Sibyl went into a cave which was protected by a black lake and a forest. No birds flew over that lake because the fumes or water vapours were poisonous. The Greeks called it Aornos, the Birdless. Four bullocks were sacrificed to the goddess Hecate. Aeneas himself sacrificed a black lamb to the Fates and a barren cow to Proserpine. After the sacrificial rites were completed, Aeneas followed Sibyl into the Underworld.

There is a lot of description about Aeneas' descent, which cannot be fully related here. Aeneas and his companion had to cross the five Stygian rivers, including the river Styx where they encountered Charon, the ferryman. At first, Charon refused to allow passage for the two living beings, because of his previous dealings with living heroes (Heracles, Orpheus, Theseus and Peirithous). But passage was given when the Sibyl revealed the Golden Bough to Charon.

The Sibyl had also led them past Cerberus by feeding it drugged corn, which caused the hound to fall into a slumber. Throughout their journey, Aeneas encountered shades of humans and some shades of frightening creatures, but they were harmless now that they were dead. Among the shades he met was his cousin Deïphobus, son of Priam. But the person who caused him the most grief was Dido, the Carthaginian queen.

Dido refused to acknowledge his presence, since she had killed herself because he had abandoned her. Even dead, she was still angry with Aeneas. She had now rejoined her former husband, Sychaeus, who tried to comfort her.

They soon came to the entry to the Elysian Fields, where an archway was erected by the Cyclops. At this gateway, Aeneas planted the Golden Bough on the threshold before the pair entered a separate part of the Underworld.

Sibyl then asked the poet Musaeus for directions to finding Anchises. Musaeus was either a pupil or son of Orpheus, who was said to have brought the Orphic Mysteries to Greece.

Finally, they found Anchises near the river Lethe. Father and son were reunited for a little while. Anchises urged his son to find their new home in Italy, where one of their descendants, named Romulus, would found the city of Rome that would last thousands of years. Anchises also revealed that Rome would establish a strong empire, lasting longer than others; it would certainly be greater than Troy. In fact, Virgil implied that Rome would be the second Troy. He mentioned other kings and famous generals, as well as the wars against Carthage and Gaul. One of these great Romans would be Augustus (Octavius), the first emperor of Imperial Rome.

As you can see, this was a lot of propaganda for Rome and Augustus, who was Virgil's contemporary.

War in Italy

• The Call for War

• Search For Allies

• War Against the Latins

The Call for War

In the land of Latium was a king named Latinus whose name was eponym of the Latins. Latinus was a son of Faunus and Marcia. He was also a descendant of Picus and of Saturn (Cronus). Latinus was married to Amata, and he was a father of Lavinia. Latinus ruled in the city of Laurentum.

He was destined to not have any son to rule after him, so it was important to find a suitable husband for his daughter. Lavinia had many suitors, including Turnus, a young Rutulian king from the city of Ardea.

Turnus was a son of Danaus and Venilia. Turnus was the most likely to marry Lavinia, because he was the strongest and most handsome of her Italic suitors.

However, Latinus witnessed several miracles, which his prophet explained meant that he couldn't marry his daughter to a Latin prince; instead, Lavinia had to marry a foreign prince who was due to arrive soon; it was a divine decree. However, with this stranger, war would break out on his land, because of the dispute over his daughter between his people and the newcomers. Latinus had confirmation from his father Faunus that the oracle was true.

Latinus was horrified that there would be war on his land, but he couldn't ignore the divine decree that he had to marry his daughter to this Trojan prince.

Aeneas and his followers landed at the mouth of the River Tiber. As Aeneas had lunch on the field with his son, he realised that they had found their new home when Ascanius commented on it while they were eating at their table.

When Aeneas arrived in Laurentum, Latinus warmly greeted Aeneas, and knew immediately that this stranger was destined to marry his daughter. So when Aeneas asked for Lavinia's hand in marriage, the old king agreed.

Juno however stirred up trouble for the new settlers. Juno caused Amata to oppose Aeneas' suit, preferring Turnus. When Turnus found out that the king was favouring a stranger, he was also angry. Turnus refused to give up Lavinia and called upon Latinus to help him drive out the Trojans, but the old king refused to go to war against the Trojans, since he knew that Aeneas would fulfil the prophecy, regardless his wife's or Turnus' opposition to the Trojan prince.

There was a temple of Janus in Laurentum, with two Gates of War. The Latins would go to war only if both Gates were opened. Amata tried to persuade her husband to open the gates, but the old king refused. Juno, however, descended from Olympus, and with her own hands, unbolted the gates and threw the doors wide open, signaling war. Seeing that war was inevitable, Latinus abdicated.

Search For Allies

Among those who sided with Turnus was an exiled Etruscan king named Mezentius; Aventinus, the son of Hercules (Heracles); and the Volscian warrior woman named Camilla. There was also Virbius, son of Hippolytus, who was the son of Theseus.

Turnus sent a messenger to the Greek hero Diomedes who had settled in the city of Argyripa in southern Italy. Diomedes was one the best warriors on the Greek side during the Trojan War. Instead of being eager to fight the Trojans again, Diomedes advised Turnus to make peace with Aeneas and the Trojans. Diomedes clearly had enough of war against the Trojans.

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Aeneas had no choice but to seek out allies. He did not have enough men to survive the war.

The Etruscans decided to help Aeneas, only because they hated their former king – Mezentius. Mezentius was a tyrant known for his cruelties, and who enjoyed torturing people. So the Etruscans became Aeneas' largest ally.

A poor and aged king of Pallanteum (future site of Rome), named Evander, sent his only son Pallas, with a small force of warriors, to assist Aeneas in the war. Evander gave a belt to Pallas before his son left with Aeneas. Aeneas and Pallas became friends, though this relationship would be short-lived.

War Against the Latins

While Aeneas was seeking allies, Turnus and the Latins had already attacked the Trojans. The Trojans were besieged in their small, hastily built fort. There was a series of skirmishes in the beginning. The Trojans were about to be overwhelmed by a numerically superior force, until Aeneas arrived with reinforcements from newly formed allies.

Aeneas killed Mezentius. Camilla also fell, killed by a Ligurian named Arruns; Arruns tried to run away, but a nymph named Opis avenged her death, at Diana's order. Turnus killed Pallas and took the belt that his father had given him.

The war began to turn in the Trojans' favour. The Trojans and their allies began to besiege Lauretum. Aeneas and Turnus decided to end the war through single combat, but Juno ended the truce by stirring up the Latins. Juno used a nymph named Juturna, who was sister of Turnus, to disrupt the truce. It was Juturna who wounded Aeneas with an arrow, but Venus saved her son and healed his wound. In the guise of Turnus' charioteer, Juturna tried to protect her brother. When the city seemed to be lost, Amata committed suicide.

More fighting followed, until Aeneas and Turnus agreed to another truce; they would settle the war through single combat (again). Jupiter (Zeus) prevented Juturna from saving her brother. In the end, Aeneas was a stronger and more skillful warrior than Turnus. Aeneas wounded Turnus. Aeneas would have spared Turnus, had the hero not seen Turnus wearing Pallas' belt; he recognised Pallas' baldric. Mercy was forgotten, so Aeneas killed Turnus, plunging his sword into his enemy's breast. With Turnus' death, the Latins surrendered to the Trojans, since it was decided by single combat.

The tale ended with Turnus' death, because of the author's untimely death. Obviously, Aeneas married Lavinia, but Virgil didn't go beyond Turnus' shade being sent to Hades.

Related Pages

• House of Troy

• Trojan War