Llacheu, Son of King Arthur
Llacheu is a significant character from the Arthurian legends, inasmuch as he was one of Arthur’s closest family members. He was the son of the king. As such, he was a very important although fairly obscure figure. What do we know about him?
Who Was Llacheu?
Llacheu was the son of King Arthur. Despite his close connection to Arthur, he does not have an exceptionally prominent place in the Arthurian legends. Even so, there are a number of Welsh texts that talk about him, more so than for any of Arthur’s other recorded children. For this reason, he seems to have been the most prominent of the king’s sons.
The first appearance of Llacheu is actually to be found in one of the very earliest Arthurian texts. This is the Welsh poem known as Pa Gur, likely composed in the tenth century, only a century after the Historia Brittonum. It heavily implies that Llacheu fell at the same battle as Cai, another of Arthur’s associates.
In the poem Ymddiddan Gwyddno Garanhir ac Gwyn fab Nudd, probably from the tenth century, the speaker says:
“I have been where Llacheu was slain,
Arthur's son, renowned for his arts,
When ravens croaked over blood.”
The reference here is specifically to the place where Llacheu was slain. There was evidently something notable about his death, and we will see this reinforced later. In any case, after referring to Llacheu’s place of death, this poem describes him explicitly as ‘Arthur’s son’. The following remark about Llacheu is very interesting indeed.
Llacheu’s Magical Arts
According to this early source, Llacheu was ‘renowned for his arts’. Presumably, this refers to magical arts. While notable, this is not surprising. Many figures in medieval Welsh texts are associated with the ability to perform magic of various types.
Included among these magical figures is Arthur himself. The same goes for Uther, Llacheu’s grandfather, as well as Eliwlod, Arthur’s nephew and thus first cousin of Llacheu.
The Welsh material rarely goes into any detail concerning what exactly these magical arts were. However, we know that in the case of Eliwlod they involved the ability to shapeshift. It appears that the same applies to Uther. Did the same also apply to Llacheu?
We cannot say. Countless different types of magical abilities appear in the Welsh legendary material. What exactly Llacheu’s magical arts were is a mystery to us now, but it is notable that more than one close family member was associated with shapeshifting.
Songs Rather Than Magical Arts?
It is also important to note that not all scholars translate this Welsh text to say that Llacheu performed ‘arts’. Rachel Bromwich, for example, preferred the translation ‘songs’, although she did provide ‘crafts’ as an alternative possibility.
This, again, is consistent with other references to Arthur’s family. Arthur himself, in one of the Welsh Triads, is referred to as one of the three frivolous bards of Britain. A bard was a type of poet or composer.
Therefore, perhaps Llacheu was a prince who enjoyed composing music. Such a suggestion is not only possible but historically plausible, unlike the reference to magical arts. Yet at the same time, bards were often associated with magic, perhaps by virtue of the supposed power of words (see, for example, Taliesin and Myrddin Wyllt).
One of Arthur’s Counsellors
Llacheu appears in a fairly late Welsh tale known as The Dream of Rhonabwy. This Arthurian tale portrays the prelude to the Battle of Badon. Here, Arthur is accompanied by numerous allies. One of them is his own son, Llacheu.
In this text, forty-two counsellors of Arthur are named. Llacheu is one of them. This is the only time in which Llacheu appears in the text.
What exactly ‘counsellors’ is supposed to mean in this context is unclear. It is unlikely to mean that they were Arthur’s advisors as such, especially since Arthur’s own son is included among them. More likely, it refers to Arthur’s chief allies with whom he consulted. Most of the other counsellors can be identified as prominent kings and princes from all over Britain.
This would indicate that Llacheu had a prominent position within Arthur’s kingdom. It also suggests that he was Arthur’s most prominent son, since none of Arthur’s other sons are mentioned here. This either means that Llacheu was the eldest, or alternatively, it means that he was the eldest among the surviving sons, the older ones having already died by this point.
We should also bear in mind that this may be anachronistic, since he does not perform any actual role in the tale.
Welsh Triads
Llacheu appears in another corpus of medieval Welsh literature, the Welsh Triads. These triads concern themselves with a very wide range of subjects concerning the early medieval era. Arthur and his associates are mentioned countless times within these triads.
Llacheu, Arthur’s son, appears twice. While a surprisingly limited appearance, Arthur’s other sons do not fare any better, so there is nothing too unusual in this.
In any case, Llacheu appears in a triad entitled The Three Well-Endowed Men of the Island of Britain. The other two figures, mentioned alongside Llacheu, are Gwalchmai and Riwallawn.
The second triad is called The Three Fearless Men of the Island of Britain. Again, Llacheu appears in connection with Gwalchmai here. The third person, however, is Peredur (better known in the Arthurian legends as Percival).
Llacheu’s Death
It appears that the single most famous thing about Llacheu that he was remembered for was, perversely, his death. We have already seen that his death was mentioned in the very first reference to him in Welsh texts, the poem Pa Gur. His death continues to receive mentions by subsequent texts.
For example, Bleddyn Fardd mentioned Llacheu in a particularly interesting statement. This court poet of the thirteenth century wrote the following about him:
“He was a brave youth when he was slain in blue-enamelled arms, as Llacheu was slain below Llech Ysgar.”
This information is highly interesting for several reasons. Let us consider them one by one.
Age at Death
Firstly, notice that Llacheu is described as being a youth when he died. What does this mean? Well, this makes it very unlikely that he died long after the death of his father Arthur, if after Arthur’s death at all.
Recall that The Dream of Rhonabwy makes Llacheu one of Arthur’s counsellors, obviously presenting him as an adult noble of Arthur’s court. Thus, he was apparently not born right near the end of Arthur’s life. He was born early enough that he had already become an adult before his father’s death.
Therefore, the fact that he was still a youth when he died shows that he cannot have long outlived his father. In fact, this suggests that he may have actually predeceased Arthur.
This is explicitly shown to be the case in non-Welsh texts, in which Llacheu is described as being killed by Cai during Arthur’s reign. However, the authenticity of this tradition is open to doubt, since the non-Welsh sources regularly introduce entirely fictional material.
Killed in Battle
Another noteworthy detail gleaned from this is the fact that he was ‘slain’. Therefore, Llacheu did not die from old age, illness, or an accident. Rather, he was killed by another person. Presumably, this means that he was killed in battle.
Of course, another possibility would be that he was treacherously murdered. Such acts do appear various times in Welsh tradition. However, that seems unlikely in the case of Llacheu. What is the basis for this conclusion?
If we look again at the reference to Llacheu in Pa Gur, it says that he was slain ‘when ravens croaked over blood’. Ravens are commonly associated with battles, since they are scavengers and would feed on the dead bodies of the slain.
Therefore, the reference to ravens croaking over blood in conjunction with Llacheu’s death supports the conclusion that Llacheu died in battle as opposed to being murdered.
Rachel Bromwich accepted this conclusion. She referred to the evident fact that “there was in existence a well-known story about Llacheu’s death in battle.” Yet, the details of this battle appear to be entirely lost to us.
Against the Saxons or Against the Britons?
However, given the Arthurian context, there are two obvious options. The first is that it was in a battle against the Saxons. The alternative, needless to say, is that it was against non-Saxon foes – in other words, fellow Britons.
At first glance, there does not appear to be any basis to determine who the enemy was at this final battle of Llacheu’s. However, we can reason on a few facts.
The most obvious method is to discern when this might have happened within the rest of Arthurian tradition. Although it is merely an ‘absence of evidence’ argument, it is nonetheless conspicuous that there is no tradition of any of Arthur’s sons dying during his famous twelve battles against the Saxons.
If one of Arthur’s sons died in battle, it would logically have been remembered as a tragedy, and this is indeed what we see in the case of Llacheu. Yet there is no evidence of tragedy associated with Arthur’s twelve battles, such as in the Historia Brittonum or Geoffrey of Monmouth’s fuller account in the Historia Regum Britanniae.
Therefore, the more likely conclusion is that Llacheu’s death occurred during one of Arthur’s battles against his fellow Britons, or potentially against the Irish or the Picts. Indeed, there is one obvious candidate for the conflict which ended Llacheu’s life. Before we examine that, let us see what we know about where Llacheu died.
Llech Ysgar
As we saw, the poet Bleddyn Fardd directly says that ‘Llacheu was slain below Llech Ysgar’. Where was Llech Ysgar?
Fortunately, this is not the only appearance of this place name in Welsh literature. From its appearance elsewhere, we know that this was one of the courts of Madog ap Maredudd, a king of Powys in the twelfth century.
There is uncertainty surrounding the exact location in Powys where this court was located. However, many scholars support identifying it with Crickheath Hill, north of Llanymynech. Notably, this identification receives significant support from Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr, a court poet of the aforementioned Madog ap Maredudd. In one of his poems, he wrote:
“Trunio of the merciful gaze,
Lordly in your shining church,
In your vicinity are two men who never refused a gift,
Llachau and brilliant Cynwrig.”
This strongly implies that Llacheu (along with a figure called Cynwrig) was buried at the church of Trunio. Logically, the church of Trunio is Llandrinio. This is very close to Crickheath Hill. The fact that this was apparently his burial site makes it logical for him to have died in that vicinity too.
The Mysterious Battle of Llech Ysgar
Notably, there is no tradition of Arthur fighting a battle at that site. This suggests there are three possibilities.
The first is that Arthur was not involved in this battle at which Llacheu fought. However, since Arthur was the leader of battles in that era, and Llacheu was his own son, this seems unlikely.
The second possibility is that the battle has simply been lost to time and is nowhere to be found in any surviving tradition.
The third possibility is that Llacheu was wounded at a different battle which took place some distance from Llech Ysgar, but only succumbed to his wounds once he had reached that latter site. This would allow us to potentially identify the battle with one which does appear elsewhere in Arthurian tradition.
Did Llacheu Die at Llongborth?
As it happens, there is an alternative tradition concerning Llacheu’s death which appears to shed some significant light on this matter. In a manuscript known as Gwyneddon 3, dating to the sixteenth century, we find a copy of Bleddyn Fardd’s words about Llacheu.
However, in the margin of the manuscript, there are the following words:
“Llacheu was son of Arthur. He was slain at Llongborth.”
Intriguingly, the second line is crossed out. However, the same text and marginal reference appear in another sixteenth century manuscript, and there the last line is not crossed out. Nonetheless, the presence of the mark in the first manuscript indicates that there was some controversy about this tradition, perhaps due to the rival tradition about Llech Ysgar.
What Was the Battle of Llongborth?
This is fascinating, because Llongborth does appear elsewhere in Arthurian tradition. It appears in a poem known as Gereint son of Erbin. This poem is a very early Arthurian text, dating to perhaps the tenth century.
The Battle of Llongborth evidently took place along the coast, since the name of the place refers to a harbour of ships. The location in question would appear to be what is now Llanborth in Ceredigion, West Wales. The battle was a tragedy in that it resulted in much death, including the death of Gereint himself, one of Arthur’s allies. King Arthur himself is described as being present at this battle.
A coastal battle at which Arthur was present, and at which many of Arthur’s men died, including at least one prominent ally, leads to the conclusion that this might be identified with a battle referred to in Geoffrey’s Historia Regum Britanniae.
The battle in question is the one at which Arthur arrived back in Britain to confront Mordred’s rebellion, after spending a lengthy period of time away from Britain. Geoffrey places this battle in Kent, although this simply cannot be accurate, because that was deep in Saxon territory in the sixth century.
Identifying the Battle of Llongborth with the start of Arthur’s campaign to confront Mordred’s usurpation is also supported by the very fact that Gereint died at the battle. In another record, the Life of Saint Teilo, King Gereint is described as dying at the end of a lengthy period in which many Britons from South Wales had fled to Gaul.
This corresponds well to what Geoffrey says about Arthur engaging in this coastal battle upon arriving in Britain after a lengthy period abroad with numerous soldiers.
The Relationship Between Llongborth and Llech Ysgar
With this probability in mind, what can we conclude concerning Llacheu’s death? As we have seen, one tradition associates Llacheu’s death with Llech Ysgar, while the other associates his death with Llongborth.
It is possible that one of the two traditions simply has no historical basis. On the other hand, it may be possible to harmonise the two. Understanding the Battle of Llongborth as the start of the campaign that climaxed at the Battle of Camlann (at which Mordred was killed) may help in this regard.
There is a cluster of sites called Camlan near Dolgellau in North Wales. These likely preserve one larger location by that name, or alternatively, they preserve a specific but highly important site with that name in their vicinity. As Patrick Sims-Williams observed, Welsh tradition may well have had this area in mind when it spoke of Arthur’s Camlann.
From Llanborth, the likely Llongborth in West Wales, it would have been entirely logical for Mordred to pass through this area while he was fleeing north towards his home territory in southern Scotland.
What This Means for Llacheu
What does this mean for Llacheu and his legendary death? Well, if Llongborth was part of a wider campaign which saw the troops move from one place to another in pursuit of Mordred, this may well explain why Llacheu’s death was connected with two different locations.
For example, it may be that Llacheu was severely wounded at Llongborth, but did not actually die then. He may have been carried with the troops, albeit at the back, along the rest of the campaign simply because Arthur was not in a position to spare any men by having them take him home (potentially through enemy territory).
Interestingly, if the placement of Camlann near Dolgellau is correct, which it does appear to be, then this would place it very close to the border of the kingdom of Powys. We can thus easily imagine that Llacheu was handed over to the men of Powys either before or after the Battle of Camlann, if they were friendly to Arthur.
Crickhealth Hill, where Llacheu was buried, is directly east of Camlan. And interestingly, a site formerly known as Caer Ogyrfan is just a few miles from Crickheath Hill. This appears to have been named after Ogfran, the father-in-law of King Arthur. It may be for this reason that Llacheu (perhaps Ogfran’s own grandson) was taken there.
If that was where he actually died, after having been severely wounded at Llongborth, this would account for the apparently contradictory traditions concerning where he was killed.
Precedents
Are there are actual precedents for suggesting that someone might be remembered as dying at two different locations due to being mortally wounded at one place and then transported to another? Yes, there are at least two other examples of that from Welsh tradition concerning this very era.
The first, coincidentally, is to do with Gereint himself. As we have already seen, the poem Gereint son of Erbin states that he died at Llongborth. However, the Life of St Teilo presents the situation differently.
According to the latter source, Teilo was given notice that Gereint was dying, so he travelled from Brittany across the sea to visit him. Obviously, given the travel time involved in this scenario, we can hardly suppose that Gereint was still at Llongborth when he died.
Yet despite the fact that the Life of St Teilo records him dying sometime after he was mortally afflicted, the poem Gereint son of Erbin presents his death as occurring in battle at Llongborth.
Another example is seen from records about Tewdrig, a king of southeast Wales in the fifth to the sixth centuries. In the Book of Llandaff, he is recorded as being mortally wounded in battle at a place called Tintern. However, he died several days later. A church was built on the site where he died. The area came to be called Merthyr Tewdrig, and the location where he lies is now St Tewdric’s Church.
In the Life of St Cadoc, Tewdrig is mentioned in the following way:
“Teudiric, who was made a martyr in Gwent, to wit, Merthir Teudiric.”
This associates Tewdrig being made a martyr (since he was a saintly figure who was killed by the pagan Saxons) with Merthyr Tewdrig, even though the Saxons mortally wounded him at Tintern, miles from Mathern.
Further Support for Llacheu Dying in the Conflict at Camlann
Further support for the conclusion that Llacheu’s death occurred at about the time of the Battle of Camlann is seen from the reference to him in Pa Gur, the early Welsh poem. Here, we find Llacheu apparently associated with Cai in his death. The text is translated:
“Unless it were God who accomplished it,
Cai’s death were unattainable.
Cai the fair and Llachau,
they performed battles
before the pain of blue spears [ended the conflict].”
This sounds very much as if Cai and Llacheu both fell in the same battle. This is a very useful piece of information, because this allows us to use the information about Cai’s death to enlighten our understanding of Llacheu’s death.
Cai’s Death According to Welsh Tradition
Fortunately, we get some rather direct information about Cai’s death in Culhwch and Olwen, a Welsh tale dating to c. 1100. When listing Arthur’s numerous allies, one of them is recorded as the following:
“Gwyddog son of Menestyr, who killed Cai, and Arthur killed him and his brothers to avenge Cai.”
Although this does not tell us at what conflict this slaying of Cai occurred, it is logical that it was either at or just before Camlann. After all, Cai frequently appears as Arthur’s companion in the Welsh texts, so it would be illogical for him to have died early in his reign.
Furthermore, Gwyddog son of Menestyr has a Brythonic name, not a Germanic one, indicating that the battle was a civil war rather than a foreign war. The very fact that Gwyddog is recorded here as one of Arthur’s allies, yet he killed Cai and was then subsequently killed by Arthur, shows that he betrayed Arthur.
The only conflict in Arthurian tradition which meets all of these criteria is Mordred’s rebellion.
Cai’s Death According to Geoffrey of Monmouth
Cai’s death is also placed right near the end of Arthur’s reign in the Historia Regum Britanniae. In this source, Geoffrey describes Cai (along with numerous other allies of Arthur) as dying in battle against the Romans just before Arthur returned to Britain.
Many scholars believe that the legend of the war against the Romans in Europe comes from the activities of a war leader from a different century, and that it did not originally have anything to do with King Arthur.
Nonetheless, the fact that Geoffrey placed Cai’s death here, just before the account of Arthur’s war against Mordred, is significant.
Both the evidence from Welsh tradition and the evidence from Geoffrey of Monmouth support the conclusion that Cai died in battle shortly before the Battle of Camlann during the war to subdue Mordred’s rebellion. Based on the evidence from Pa Gur, this therefore supports the conclusion that Llacheu died in that same conflict.
Was Llacheu Killed by Cai?
There is yet another tradition concerning Llacheu’s death which is worth mentioning. This is not found in the Welsh texts. Rather, it is found in non-Welsh Arthurian literature, such as documents written on the continent or in England.
Llacheu’s Appearance in Non-Welsh Sources
In these sources, Llacheu appears as Loholt. He first appears in the writings of Chretien de Troyes, who mentions him in Erec et Enide as ‘a young man of great merit, Loholt the son of King Arthur’.
This is consistent with the description of Llacheu as dying while still a youth, meaning that he was only ever remembered as a young man.
His next most prominent appearance is in Lanzalet, a German tale written by Ulrich von Zatzikhoven in c. 1195. In this tale, Loholt is described as a handsome, noble, and skilled warrior of Arthur. Ulrich goes on to write that Loholt went with Arthur to Avalon (though not specifically named by Ulrich).
Given that other texts, such as Geoffrey’s Historia Regum Britanniae, have Arthur travelling to Avalon in the aftermath of the Battle of Camlann, this is consistent with the likely setting of Llacheu’s death in the previous discussion.
Loholt’s Death According to Non-Welsh Tradition
Loholt next prominent appearance is in Perlesvous, written in c. 1200. This tells a story about how Loholt (the Welsh Llacheu) had the custom of sleeping on top of the corpse of those whom he slew. In one instance, he slew a giant named Logrin.
Cai, one of Arthur’s most loyal and enduring companions, came across Loholt while he was sleeping. Inexplicably, Cai decided to murder Loholt in his sleep. He then went on to cut off the giant’s head and take it to Arthur, claiming to have been responsible for defeating the giant.
Some later sources refer to this event, such as the Vulgate Merlin Continuation, written after 1230. Here, Cai (called Keu) is praised for his loyalty to Arthur. In this context, the writer qualifies this appraisal by mentioning Cai’s one act of disloyalty, in which he killed Arthur’s son Loholt.
Interestingly, this latter source provides a motive for Cai’s treachery. It says that he killed Loholt due to envy.
The Origin of This Legend
What could be the origin of the legend that Cai killed Loholt? As we have seen, Llacheu was most likely mortally wounded while fighting against those rebelling against Arthur at the Battle of Llongborth in the prelude to the Battle of Camlann. Cai, however, is always shown to be an ally of Arthur.
One possibility is that Cai was somehow responsible for Llacheu’s death. Perhaps through a major tactical error of some kind, Cai’s actions resulted in Llacheu being killed. This may have led to Cai being remembered as the one responsible for Llacheu’s death, evolving into the legend that he had killed him directly.
Alternatively, the answer may lie in what we see in the Welsh poem Pa Gur. As we saw earlier, it appears that Cai and Llacheu both fell in the same conflict. Although the poem gives no indication at all that Cai and Llacheu fought against each other, this poem (or some other manifestation of the same tradition) led to the mistaken belief that Cai had killed Llacheu.
Llacheu in Later Arthurian Tradition
We have already touched on how Llacheu appears in later Arthurian tradition, but let us now explore this topic a little further.
His name is most commonly presented as ‘Loholt’, but it is also seen as ‘Lohot’, ‘Lohawt’, ‘Lohuz’, and other variations.
As we saw before, his earliest appearances in non-Welsh Arthurian tradition presents him as very similar to the way in which he is seen within the Welsh texts. The only major difference is his death at the hands of Cai, although that seems to have a basis in Welsh tradition too.
Another notable expansion of his story, although it does not contradict anything that came before it, is that Ulrich presents Loholt as assisting Arthur on his expedition to retrieve Guinevere from the clutches of King Valerin.
It is after this that Loholt begins to significantly diverge from the figure of Llacheu. In the Vulgate Lancelot, written c. 1220, Loholt is presented as the son of Arthur and a mistress named Lisanor. This makes him an illegitimate son of Arthur. This is not indicated anywhere in the Welsh texts, nor is it consistent with the earlier non-Welsh sources, which make him the son of Guinevere.
The Vulgate Merlin Continuation gives the same parentage to Loholt, explaining that the union between Arthur and Lisanor occurred after Arthur defeated the rebellion of the eleven kings.
Was Llacheu Really Loholt?
Although Llacheu has traditionally been identified as the Welsh origin for the non-Welsh Loholt, some modern scholars have expressed doubt on the basis of the dissimilarities between their profiles.
In reality, though, the similarities far outweigh the differences. The name ‘Loholt’ seems to have been a genuine name, although not a Welsh one, so it has evidently been used as an approximation of the name of Arthur’s son.
Given the ease with which the ‘ch’ would be reduced to a ‘h’, leaving ‘Llaheu’, it is easy to see how the French writers represented this name with the more familiar ‘Loholt’.
We have also seen that both figures were remembered for being youths. Likewise, they are both associated with Cai in their death, and both appear to have died very near the end of Arthur’s reign. There is also the simple fact that both of them were best remembered for their death rather than any accomplishments that they achieved during their life.
Therefore, there is every reason to accept the traditional identification of Arthur’s son Llacheu with Arthur’s son Loholt.
Did Llacheu Really Exist?
Was Llacheu a real person, or was he just a fictional character in the stories of Arthur? There are no contemporary records about him, so we cannot say for sure. Nonetheless, it is not unreasonable at all to propose that he was a real person.
The simple fact is that he appears in some of the very earliest strata of Arthurian tradition. Although he does not have a prominent part in later Arthurian sources, exemplified by the fact that he is not even mentioned by Geoffrey of Monmouth, this is irrelevant in view of his early presence.
The poem Pa Gur, for instance, shows that he was one of the earliest of the Arthurian characters, alongside Cai and Bedwyr (Bedivere). Therefore, aside from the few Arthurian characters who are directly confirmed by contemporary records (such as Maelgwn Gwynedd or Constantine of Dumnonia), Llacheu is one of the most firmly established of all the Arthurian figures.
Interestingly, his name seems to be preserved in a place name recorded in the Book of Llandaff. In this document, there are two streams mentioned in conjunction with each other which both seem to possess the names of Arthur’s sons.
The first is a stream called Amir, and the other is a stream called Lechou. The apparent connection between Lechou and Llacheu is unlikely to be attributable to a coincidence, given the similarly intriguing connection between its neighbour stream, the Amir, and the name of Arthur’s other son, Amhar.
Of course, the Book of Llandaff was written in the twelfth century, and a place name from that late cannot be used to prove the historicity of a person. Nonetheless, this is an interesting reference and may well support the conclusion that Llacheu was associated with southeast Wales, as were numerous other Arthurian characters.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Llacheu was evidently an important figure in early Arthurian tradition, although most traces of him have been lost. He was the son of Arthur and was remembered for dying while still a youth. He was a well respected figure and was famed for his arts, or possibly his songs. According to tradition, he was buried in Llandrinio in Powys, close to Crickheath Hill. This same hill is also the likely site of Llech Ysgar, the location remembered as the site of his death in one tradition.
Another tradition places his death at Llongborth. Likely, Llacheu was severely wounded at this battle, which was the prelude to the Battle of Camlann. Cai fell alongside him, and this appears to have led to the tradition that he was killed by Cai. This is seen in non-Welsh tradition, where Llacheu appears as Loholt.
Sources
Bartrum, Peter, A Welsh Classical Dictionary, 1993
Bromwich, Rachel, Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, 2014
Tichelaar, Tyler R, King Arthur's Children: A Study in Fiction and Tradition, 2010
Green, Caitlin, Arthuriana: Early Arthurian Tradition and the Origins of the Legend, 2009
Green, Caitlin, A Gazetteer of Arthurian Onomastic and Topographic Folklore, 2015
Lewis, Barry James, Arthurian references in medieval Welsh poetry, c. 1100-c. 1540, 2019
