Later Life

Freedom From Servitude

• Death of Iphitus

• Troy

• War of the Giants

• Wars in Peloponnesus

• Deïaneira

• Living in Trachis

• Death of Heracles

• Among the Gods

Death of Iphitus

Having performed all twelve labours, Heracles was now free from any more obligations to Eurystheus. He was left to his own devices. Eurytus (Εὐρυτίων), king of Oechalia, offered his daughter's hand in marriage (Iole, Ἰόλη), if one of the suitors could defeat him or his sons in an archery contest. While Heracles was receiving education, Eurytus had taught archery to the young Heracles, which the king was soon to regret.

Heracles won the competition, but Eurytus refused to give his daughter away. Eurytus was afraid that Heracles might kill his daughter as the hero had killed his sons in madness. To make matter worse, some of his cattle were stolen by Autolycus, the master thief, but Eurytus accused Heracles of the theft.

Heracles left Oechalia in anger, while Eurytus' son Iphitus (Ἰφιτος) tried to persuade his father that the hero had won Iole's hand fairly. Eurytus banished his own son from his kingdom. Iphitus went to talk Heracles out of waging a war against his father, but Heracles, again possibly struck by madness caused by Hera, murdered Iphitus in Tiryns.

(According to Homer, Eurytus died young, when he challenged Apollo to an archery contest. Eurytus lost to Apollo and the god killed him for challenging him. Also Iphitus was alive and gave his father's bow to the hero Odysseus. Later, Iphitus was killed by Heracles who took Iphitus' horses.)

He tried to get Neleus, king of Pylus and then later Hippocoön (Hippocoon), king of Sparta, to purify him for the murder of Iphitus, but both kings refused. These two kings became his mortal enemies.

A terrible disease then struck Heracles. He sought advice from Xenocleia, the current Pythia of Delphi, to help cure his disease, but she refused to give advice.

Heracles angrily took the tripod and told her he would set up his own oracle. Apollo came to his priestess' aid and would have fought Heracles, had not Zeus separated the two with a thunderbolt.

Heracles just wanted advice from the oracle, not a fight with Apollo. Apollo felt admiration for Heracles' boldness, and the god ordered his priestess to respond to the hero's request. The oracle told Heracles that he must sell himself as a slave, as punishment for the murder and a cure for his disease.

Slave of Omphale

Hermes made the arrangement to sell Heracles. Heracles was sold to Omphale (Ὀμφάλη), daughter of Iardanes and queen of Lydia. Omphale had become queen after the death of her husband, Tmolus. All the gold from the transaction was given to Eurytus as compensation for the murder of the king's son, though Eurytus refused to accept it.

She made him dress in women's clothing and do needlework with the other ladies. However, Apollodorus never wrote anything about the hero being made to wear women's clothing; it was only found in Roman sources like Statius' Achilleid and Ovid's Heroides and Fasti.

According to Fasti, Faunas, a woodland god and follower of Pan and Dionysus, tried to rape Omphale. He entered the chamber at night and felt woman's silken garment. Faunas was astonished to feel hairy bottoms, when he lifted what he thought was the queen's garment. Before he could penetrate the supposed queen, Heracles immediately woke and pushed Faunas so hard that the god couldn't get up. When Heracles and Omphale could finally see the intruder in the light, they laughed at the embarrassed god. It was for this reason that he wanted all his followers to come to his rites naked.

She freed the hero after three years of slavery, after a number of services.

Heracles captured and killed the Cercopes at Ephesus. The Cercopes were said be dwarfish monkey-like or ape-like men. They were renowned for their knavery, according to a short fragmented poem named after them, The Cercopes. Their names were Passalus and Acmon, and they were the sons of Oceanus and Theia. Theia was a daughter of Memnon, an unknown figure. Theia warned her troublesome sons to avoid Blackbottom. They were captured in Thessaly by Heracles. He had them tied and hanging upside-down on a pole, which Heracles was carrying over his shoulder. From this angle, they could see this person was the one their mother warned them about - Blackbottom. They laughed and joked about Heracles' hairy bottoms. Far from being offended, Heracles released them. Zeus would later turn them into stone because they were trying to deceive the god.

At Aulis, Syleus and his daughter Xenodice forced travellers to hoe Syleus' vineyard; the hero killed both father and daughter. He also captured and razed the city, Itoni. And lastly, according to Hyginus in Poetic Astronomia, Heracles killed a giant serpent for Omphale that inhabited the river Sagaris and had been killing Lydians near the water.

Heracles was said to have renamed the island of Doliche to Icaria after finding the body of Icarus, a son of Daedalus. Daedalus was an Athenian inventor, formerly in the services of Minos, king of Crete.

Queen Omphale married Heracles and had a son named Lamus. Heracles left Lydia shortly after this, to continue his adventures.

Troy

Once freed from slavery to Omphale, Heracles gathered an army to capture Troy and was joined by the hero, Telamon, son of Aeacus. At this time, Telamon was expecting a baby from his wife, Eeriboea. Heracles prayed to his father that Telamon's son would be brave. Zeus sent an eagle as a sign of accepting his prayer. Telamon named his son Aias (Ajax) after the eagle (aietos). Aias became one of the leading warriors who fought in the Trojan War.

Laomedon refused to pay him, when Heracles rescued Hesione from the sea monster. Heracles vowed vengeance. Poseidon and Apollo had to build the wall around much of Troy, making it quite impregnable. The only weakness in the wall were sections built by Aeacus, Telamon's father. It was most likely that Telamon knew where the weaknesses were.

Landing in Troy with eighteen ships, they set about attacking Troy. It was Telamon who broke through the wall (the part built by his father), leading the attack against the Trojans. Heracles felt insulted and jealous that Telamon would breach the wall before him.

The hero would have killed his lieutenant, had Telamon not had the foresight to stop fighting and start piling stones. When the hero asked what Telamon was doing, Telamon replied that he was building an altar to Heracles. Heracles forgot his anger since Telamon had flattered his vanity.

Laomedon and all his sons but the youngest, Podarces (Priam), were killed in the fighting. Heracles allowed Hesione to ransom only one of the captives. Hesione ransomed Podarces by giving up one of her veils. Hesione was given to Telamon as a concubine, while Podarces stayed behind in Troy, succeeded his father, and changed his name to Priam.

(According to Diodorus Siculus, Heracles' war at Troy was set on his return journey from Colchis, during Jason's quest for the Golden Fleece. See Argonauts, Diodorus' Version.)

As Heracles sailed with his ships to return home, Hera sent a violent storm that left Heracles stranded in Cos. This action angered her husband so much that Zeus bound Hera by the wrists, hanging from the heights of Olympus.

The Coans thought the Greeks were pirates so they attacked them. The Greeks took the city. Heracles killed their king, Eurypylus, but the Coan champion, Chalcodon, wounded the hero. Zeus rescued and spirited his son safely away, where Heracles was healed of his wounds.

War of the Giants

While the god healed him, he was brought to Phlegra in Thrace (some say in Sicily), where the gods were warring against the Giants (Gigantes), who had been spawned by the blood of the castrated Uranus that fell to the earth (Gaea). In order to defeat the Giants, the gods required - by the oracle - the help of a mortal hero.

Heracles killed Alcyoneus by shooting the giant with his lethal arrow before dragging its body outside of Pallene, where the giant was mortal. Apollo and Heracles each shot one eye of Ephialtes with their arrows.

Athena killed Pallas and flayed the giant, using its hide for her shield. Athena also killed Enceladus, who had fled west. She crushed Enceladus by throwing the island of Sicily on top of him. Poseidon did the same thing to Polybotes, crushing the giant with the island of Nisyrus.

With Zeus' help, Heracles even killed Porphyrion, who had tried to rape Hera; the same goddess who had incessantly persecuted Heracles even before his birth.

By virtue of the twelve labours that Heracles had performed as well as aiding the gods in this war, Heracles had earned his place among the gods in Olympus.

Wars in Peloponnesus

War in Elis

Returning to Greece, Heracles attacked Augeias (Αὐγείας), the king of Elis, with his army from Tiryns. Earlier, Augeias had refused to honour his agreement and pay the promised fee to the hero during Heracles' fifth labour, so the hero had vowed to capture Elis. See the Fifth Labour of Heracles.

But Heracles' army suffered a defeat at the hand of Augeias' allies, Amarynceus and the Moliones (Μολιοίδαι), (Siamese) twin sons of Actor. Heracles might have lost the battle because he was ill at the time. Heracles' half-brother Iphicles might have died in this war or else Iphicles was killed in the war against Sparta.

Heracles returned to Tiryns to raise a new army, only to be banished by his weak cousin Eurystheus, because the king thought and feared that Heracles was raising an army against him. Heracles settled in Pheneüs (Pheneus), Arcadia.

Later, during the Isthmian games, Heracles ambushed and killed the Moliones. Augeias could not defend his kingdom on the second invasion when Heracles raised a new army in Arcadia, possibly killing the king.

Heracles then set the exiled son of Augeias, named Phyleus, to the throne of Elis. According to Apollodorus, Heracles was also said to have established the Olympic Games though the founder was usually said to be Heracles the Dactyl from Mount Ida, Crete. Heracles set a shrine for the Olympian gods, as well as a smaller shrine to Pelops who was his great-grandfather.

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War in Pylos

Heracles next attacked Pylus (Πύλας). Here, Hera took Neleus' side and was wounded by Heracles. Hades and Ares also aided Pylus; Heracles wounded both gods during the battle.

Heracles killed eleven of the twelve sons of Neleus as well as the king himself. Heracles encountered Periclymenus (Περικλύμενος), eldest son of Neleus (Νηλεύς). Periclymenus was given the ability by his grandfather (Poseidon) to change his shape. Periclymenus attacked Heracles as a lion, a snake and a bee. When Periclymenus changed himself into the form of an eagle, Heracles finally shot him down with his arrow.

The youngest and only surviving son of Neleus, Nestor, survived because he was staying in Gerenia during the war; Nestor became the new king of Pylus.

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War in Sparta

Heracles then turned his attention to Hippocoön (Hippocoon, Ἱπποκόων). Hippocoön had also refused to purify him for Iphitus' murder. Hippocoön also killed Oeonus, a cousin of Heracles, who accidentally kicked the king's dog. Hippocoön had usurped the throne from his brother, Tyndareüs (Tyndareus), who was now residing in Calydon. (See the genealogical tree of the House of Sparta)

Heracles enlisted the aid of Cepheus (Κηφεύς), the king of Tegea, promising his protection in case of attack. During his stay in Tegea, he ravished Cepheus' sister Auge (Αὔγη), who bore the hero a son, Telephus (Τήλεφος). (See the genealogical tree of the House of Arcadia)

In the battle that followed, Cepheus and his sons were killed, as well as Heracles' half brother, Iphicles. Heracles himself was wounded, but he killed Hippocoön and all of his sons, and restored Tyndareüs to the throne of Sparta.

Heracles had his brother's body brought to the city of Pheneus, where Iphicles was worshipped as a hero.

Deïaneira

Heracles then stayed in court of King Oeneus in Calydon; he fell in love with Deïaneira (Deianeira or Δηιάνειρα), the king's daughter.

Deïaneira was the sister of the hero Meleager. When Heracles went to the Underworld to fetch Cerberus (12th labour), he met the shade of Meleager, one of two ghosts who didn't fear Heracles' presence. Heracles and Meleager were former companions who had sailed with Jason. Heracles promised the shade Meleager that he would marry Deïaneira.

Deïaneira had many suitors, but none of them would want to compete against the hero except the river-god Acheloüs (Achelous). Heracles had to fight one of his rivals, the river-god Acheloüs (Achelous), also a suitor of Deïaneira. Neither god nor hero would back down on wanting to marry the Calydonian princess. Acheloüs would not back down to a mortal rival; otherwise he would be disgraced as a coward. So they fought one another in a wrestling match.

The god had the ability to change his shape, and during the wrestling match, Acheloüs changed himself into a man with head of a bull (minotaur), and then a snake. With each transformation, Heracles overcame Acheloüs. Finding that he was losing the contest to a mortal, the river-god changed himself into a bull. Heracles defeated Acheloüs when he broke the horn from the god's head.

Acheloüs surrendered to Heracles, in return for getting his broken horn back. Acheloüs exchanged this with the horn of Amaltheia that was filled with endless supply of fruit and drink of all sorts, which was known as Cornucopia (Horn of Plenty).

Heracles then married Deïaneira. (See genealogical tree of the House of Calydon)

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While living in Calydon, Heracles helped Oeneus in his wars against their neighbours. Heracles took the city of Ephyra in Thesprotia (part of Epirus). King Phylas had a daughter named Astyoche, whom the hero slept with. Astyoche bore the hero a son named Tlepolemus.

It was said that at this time, Heracles had sent three of his sons from the daughters of King Thespius to the city of Thebes. Seven were to remain in Thespiae with their grandfather (Thespius), but the rest (40) migrated to the island of Sardinia.

Returning to Calydon, a victory banquet was held in honour of the hero. Heracles accidentally killed the king's cupbearer and young relative named Eunomus, the son of Architeles.

Though the king and the father forgave the hero because it was an accident, Heracles could not forgive himself. Since, Oeneus was unwilling to punish the hero, so Heracles took matter into his own hands and decided to go into exile, leaving Calydon with his wife.

During their journey, they encountered a Centaur named Nessus who offered to ferry Deïaneira across the river of Evenus. As Deïaneira reached the other side of the river on Centaur's back, he tried to rape her. Heracles was still in the middle of the river when he heard his wife's scream.

Heracles shot down Nessus with his poisoned arrow. As Nessus lay there dying, the Centaur told Deïaneira to use his blood as a love potion on Heracles, so that he would never leave her. Deïaneira, knowing that Heracles liked to seduce beautiful maidens, collected the Centaur's blood, unaware that the blood was contaminated with the Hydra's deadly venom.

Living in Trachis

Heracles and Deïaneira (Deianeira) moved to Trachis, where he befriended Ceyx, the king of Trachis. They had four sons: Hyllus, Glenus, Ctesippus and Odites.

Here, Heracles aided Ceyx against the king's neighbours. Heracles killed the Dryopian king, Laogoras, and drove his people from Doris. He also defeated the Lapiths and killed their king, Coronus, son of the Lapith hero Caeneus.

On his way home with Iolaus to Trachis, they encountered Cycnus, son of Ares and Pelopia, who blocked the road in Itonus (in Phthiotis). Cycnus, like his father, delighted in challenging travellers in single combat before killing them. Heracles killed Cycnus in combat.

Ares was overcome with grief over his son, so the war god attacked Heracles. Heracles, for the second time, seriously wounded Ares. His sons and constant companions in war, Deimus (Fear) and Phobus (Panic), took Ares in their chariot and returned to Olympus to be healed.

In Ormenium, a city of Magnesia, Heracles also killed the king Amyntor, who refused to allow Heracles to travel through his land. Heracles seduced Astydameia or Deïdameia, Amyntor's daughter, who bore him a son named Ctesippus.

Death of Heracles

His last adventure began when he went to war against Eurytus, whom he never forgave for refusing him his daughter Iole (Ἰόλη), whom he had won fairly in an archery contest. Leaving Deïaneira (Deianeira or Δηιάνειρα) in Trachis, he raised an army and defeated Eurytus, taking Iole as his concubine.

Heracles may have killed Eurytus and his sons in the war, but according to Homer, Apollo killed Eurytus when the king challenged the god in an archery contest. Eurytus' son Iphitus gave the bow to Odysseus. Odysseus had used this very bow to kill Penelope's suitors in the palace.

Observing the rites of sacrifice for his victory in war, Heracles sent his herald Lichas to get a fresh tunic at home. Deïaneira, realising that Heracles might discard her in favour of Iole as his wife, smeared Nessus' supposed love charm on to his tunic.

When Heracles put the tunic on, the Hydra's venom began searing his skin and flesh. In agony he tore it off, killing the innocent Lichas who gave him the shirt. Dying, Heracles returned home to Trachis. Learning what she had done to her husband, Deïaneira killed herself.

Building a pyre for himself on Mount Oeta, Heracles asked his son Hyllus to set it alight. But neither his son nor other mourners would do so, until either Poeas or his son Philoctetes set fire to the pyre. He rewarded him with his powerful bow, which would later be used by Philoctetes in the Trojan War. Lightning struck the pyre and when the fire died down; the mourners could not find the great hero's remains.

Among the Gods

According to Pausanias, it was Athena who brought Heracles from the funeral pyre at Mount Oeta to Olympus, home of the gods.

Heracles became a god, living in Olympus, because he had performed the twelve labours and aided the gods in their war against the Giants. Since he saved Hera from being raped by the giant Porphyrion, Hera had little choice but to reconcile with Heracles. Hera allowed the hero to marry her daughter Hebe, goddess of youth, and Heracles became father of Alexiares and Anicetus.

When Iolaüs (Iolaus) defended Heracles' children (Heraclids) against Eurystheus' persecution, Heracles and Hebe helped Iolaüs to win the battle. To read some more about Heracles' children, see Heraclids.

Heracles also visited Philoctetes and persuaded the archer to rejoin the Greek forces in the war against Troy. Philoctetes at first was reluctant, because Odysseus and Agamemnon were responsible for abandoning him on the island of Lemnos when he was bitten by snake. For nine years, he had lived on the island alone, and bitterly resented those who had left him behind. Odysseus had gone back to bring him back, because Heracles had given the bow to him before he died. The Greek seer Calchas had foretold that Troy could never be taken without the bow of Heracles. Philoctetes would have shot down and killed Odysseus had the god Heracles not intervened. (See Fall of Troy, about Philoctetes).

When Odysseus went to the Underworld, Heracles was the last shade to speak to him. While his immortal soul went to Olympus, his mortal half went to the Underworld. He was also placed amongst the stars in the sky as a constellation Engonasin ("Kneeler", but this constellation is now called Hercules).

The cloak from the lion's pelt he had always wore helped to identify Heracles in classical art, with the hood over his head. He was normally depicted carrying either his club or his bow and arrows.