Smerbe, Son of King Arthur
Smerbe is the legendary son of King Arthur according to some medieval records. There are almost no surviving stories about him, but he has a fairly prominent place in Scottish genealogical records about Arthur. This article will examine what those records are, what they reveal about Smerbe, and whether or not he was a real person.
Who Was Smerbe?
Smerbe is a son of King Arthur who appears as an ancestor figure in the genealogies of Clan Campbell and Clan Arthur of Scotland. These were two prominent clans of Scotland from much of the medieval period onwards, especially Clan Campbell.
There are no surviving romance tales about Smerbe, although allegedly there used to be many tales that spoke of him and his activities. The surviving records reveal just a few details about his life.
Possibly the oldest surviving document which mentions Smerbe is a document known as the MS 1467. The name of this document comes from the year in which it was believed to have been written, although it is now believed that it dates back to earlier in that same century, possibly as early as c. 1400.
In this manuscript, Smerbe appears as ‘Meirbi’. He is the son of Arthur, son of Iubair. This latter name is universally understood as a form of ‘Uther’, the traditional name of King Arthur’s father. Furthermore, the manuscript adds the words ‘king of the world’ after this name, confirming his status as a prominent king.
His son in this record is named ‘Eirenaia’, thought by some to be a corruption of the name ‘Ieremaia’, or Jeremiah. Others understand this name to be ‘Eirenaig’, actually a word meaning ‘Irishman’.
Smerbe appears in many other Scottish records, though usually just as a name in the genealogical record of the Clan Campbell and Clan Arthur. He was evidently an important figure to those Scottish clans, since he was the link between their families and the legendary King Arthur.
Smerbe’s Name
Smerbe’s name appears in a variety of different forms across the records. As we saw, the apparent earliest reference to him in the fifteenth century spells his name ‘Meirbi’. However, in a record from the following century, written by Scottish historian George Buchanan, his name appears as ‘Mervin’.
Other spellings include ‘Merbis’, ‘Smeirbi’, ‘Smerevie’, ‘Smerbe’, and other variations. One late version is the rather dramatic ‘Smereviemore’. The form ‘Smerbe’ is commonly used in modern sources, including Peter Bartrum’s A Welsh Classical Dictionary, hence why it is used here, even though it is not the earliest attested spelling.
Smerbe’s Family
As we have seen, Smerbe’s father was King Arthur. However, the tradition regarding his mother is far less straightforward and more interesting.
Smerbe’s Mother
The mother of Arthur’s son Smerbe was allegedly a woman named Elizabeth, recorded as a daughter of an unnamed king of France. We find this tradition, for example, in Duncanson’s seventeenth century An Accompt of the Genealogie of the Campbells.
“Arthor maried to his second wife Elizabeth daughter to the King of ffrance (his first wife having died barren) of whom he begot Smereviemore.”
The Smereviemore mentioned here is Smerbe. According to this, Smerbe was not born from Arthur’s first wife. Rather, he was born from his second wife, a woman named Elizabeth. The most immediately noticeable thing about this is that Arthurian tradition usually gives Arthur a wife named Guinevere, not Elizabeth.
Of course, we could interpret Elizabeth to be the wife who came after Guinevere, but Guinevere is usually portrayed as continuing to live right up until the end of Arthur’s reign at the Battle of Camlann. Clearly, there is something unusual and seemingly problematic with this tradition.
Multiple Guineveres
Something that is certainly worth bearing in mind is that Welsh tradition gives Arthur three wives, although all of them are given the name ‘Gwenhwyfar’ (the Welsh form of the more familiar ‘Guinevere’).
It seems remarkably unlikely that Arthur really did have three wives who all had the same name. It is far more likely that ‘Gwenhwyfar’ was a throne name of some kind, one that was specifically used by the wives of Arthur. There is some evidence that the real name of Gwenhwyfar daughter of Gogfran, for example, may well have been Abalcem.
Therefore, it is entirely possible that Elizabeth was simply the birth name of one of the queens who took the throne name ‘Gwenhwyfar’. In fact, this is supported by the fact that non-Welsh Arthurian romances tended to make Guinevere’s father a king of Brittany in France, a king named Leodegrance. Of course, this is complicated by the fact that those romances only speak of one Guinevere.
In any case, working from the probability that the Elizabeth of this tradition was one of the Gwenhwyfars mentioned in Welsh tradition, where would she fit into Arthur’s life?
It would appear that the queen who was associated with Arthur for most of his career was Gwenhwyfar daughter of Gogfran. Of the three, she appears most prominently in Welsh tradition. The Elizabeth of Scottish tradition is almost certainly not to be identified as this Gwenhwyfar, since her father Gogfran was closely associated with southeast Wales, not France.
This conclusion is strengthened by the fact that Elizabeth is presented as Arthur’s second wife, rather than being remembered straightforwardly as Arthur’s wife. This supports the conclusion that she is not to be identified with the daughter of Gogfran, Arthur’s most famous queen.
Gwenhwyfar daughter of Gwythyr
In fact, there is one candidate for Elizabeth who stands out as easily the most probable. This would be Gwenhwyfar the daughter of Gwythyr. The reason for this is twofold. Firstly, Gwythyr is likely identifiable with a figure who appears in the ninth century Life of St Paul Aurelian.
The figure in question is named Withur and is presented as a ruler in Brittany, France. Since the account is set in the sixth century, he is a chronological match for Gwythyr. Since, as we have seen, Arthurian romance tradition places Guinevere’s father in Brittany, this supports the identification of Withur and Gwythyr.
However, there is another detail that strengthens this identification. As we will go on to see, Smerbe was said to have been born in Scotland. It seems rather unusual for the daughter of a king of France to have been present that far north. Yet, Welsh tradition presents Gwythyr as being active (at least at times) in the far north, near the border of England and Scotland.
Therefore, Gwythyr is the obvious candidate for the king of France whose daughter was present with Arthur in Scotland, where she gave birth to Smerbe.
Some antiquarians speculated that the king of France referred to in this tradition was King Clothar I of the Franks, but there is no real basis for this conclusion.
Smerbe’s Siblings
The siblings of Smerbe (many of whom were likely half siblings) included the following:
Smerbe’s Descendants
Smerbe is only recorded as having a single child. However, the name of this child is not consistent across the different manuscripts that speak about Smerbe’s descendants. As we saw before, the name of this figure is ‘Eirenaia’ in the earliest manuscript in which this tradition appears, the MS 1467.
Interestingly, later manuscripts provide what appears to be a completely different name for this figure. It appears variously as ‘Feradoig’, ‘Fearadoig’, ‘Fearadaigh’, and even ‘Ferither’. These spellings seem too different from ‘Eirenaia’ to merely be corruptions of it.
This lends credence to the interpretation of ‘Eirenaia’ as a corruption of ‘Eirenaig’ rather than ‘Ieremaia’. While the latter is a name, the former is just a title meaning ‘Irishman’. In other words, the MS 1467 refers to this son of Smerbe as the ‘Irishman’, while the subsequent surviving records provide his actual name.
The reason for this son of Smerbe being termed the ‘Irishman’ is presumably because he was the first member of the ancestral line recorded in the manuscript who had Irish blood. After all, Uther, Arthur, and Smerbe himself were all Britons. However, from Smerbe’s son onwards, the names are all Irish ones.
This suggests that Smerbe married an Irish princess, which is a fact that is actually explicitly supported by a record which we will now go on to examine in detail.
Smerbe’s Career
Very little about Smerbe’s career is recorded in the available records. The fullest account of his life appears to be the one found in Ane Accompt of the Genealogie of the Campbells, written by Raibeart Duncanson in the 1670s. According to this source,
“Smereviemore... though he did not succeed to his father's crown in regaird he was lurking and unknown, but Constantin, the son of Cartill one of the Captains in King Arthor' s army, was chosen to succeed him, yet was a great and famous person of whom diverse and strange things are spoken in the Irish traditions; it is said that he was born in Dumbarton on the south syde thereof, in a place called the redd hall or in Irish Tour in Talla Dherig that is the Tower of the redd hall or redd house, he was called to his agnomen or by-name the foot of the forrest because he was a wild undauntoned person. He was maried to a sister of King Aiden the King of Scotland.”
This source reveals a variety of notable pieces of information, despite not giving a detailed, step-by-step explanation of his career.
Did Not Succeed King Arthur
The first thing to note is that Smerbe is said to have not succeeded to his father’s crown. The reason for this is provided. He was ‘lurking and unknown’. What exactly this means is uncertain. It is a great shame that a fuller account of the legend of this Arthurian character has not come down to us.
The statement that he was ‘lurking and unknown’ evidently is to be understood as only applying to the beginning of his life, during the end of Arthur’s reign in which a successor was appointed. We can see this from the fact that Smerbe is described as being a ‘great and famous person’. Clearly, then, he did not continue to be ‘lurking and unknown’ throughout his life.
Only as High King
In fact, it is entirely possible that Smerbe did succeed to the throne of his father eventually. Dunanson’s Ane Accompt explains that, instead of Smerbe, Constantin was chosen to succeed Arthur. From many other versions of the Arthurian legends, going back to Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae, we know that this Constantin was Constantine the son of Cador, king of Cornwall.
Arthur himself is not presented in the earliest version of this story as a king of Cornwall (although he is related to that dynasty). Thus, when Constantine succeeded him, he succeeded specifically as high king of the Britons, not as the king of Arthur’s personal territory. He ruled as the king of Cornwall after his father Cador, but he was the successor of Arthur as the high king to whom the other Brythonic kings were subordinate.
This concept is found as early as the very earliest record of Arthur’s career, the Historia Brittonum. There, Arthur is described as the leader of an alliance of kings. This, therefore, was the role fulfilled by Constantine according to Arthurian legend.
Thus, when Duncanson says that Constantine succeeded Arthur instead of Smerbe, this does not mean that Smerbe was never king. It simply means that Smerbe was not the one who became high king after Arthur.
It is still entirely possible that he succeeded to the kingship of Arthur’s personal territory or kingdom. Nonetheless, since the account claims that he did not succeed Arthur as high king because he was ‘lurking and unknown’, it is very likely that he did not succeed to Arthur’s kingdom right away. Otherwise, he would not have been unknown at that time.
Succeeded Arthur as King
The fact that Smerbe very probably did succeed to the kingship of Arthur’s personal kingdom eventually, albeit likely not by the time the new high king was chosen, is strongly indicated by the fact that he is said to have become ‘a great and famous person of whom diverse and strange things are spoken in the Irish traditions’.
Furthermore, Duncanson’s account goes on to say that Smerbe married the sister of King Aidan, the king of Scotland. This would be King Aedan of Dal Riada, one of the most prominent kings of the north of Britain in the latter half of the sixth century. The idea that Smerbe married Aedan’s sister would be very improbable if Smerbe had not been a king.
Smerbe’s Birth
Something else that this passage from Duncanson reveals is information about where Smerbe was born. We are told that he was born in Dumbarton, also known as Alclud. This is on the River Clyde in Scotland.
The information provided is even more specific than just that. We are told that he was born on the south side of Dumbarton. Given that Dumbarton Rock is a fairly small location, this would be a very specific piece of information indeed.
The exact spot where Smerbe was born is called Tour in Talla Dherig, or the House of the Red Hall. This is an obscure site, although it does appear elsewhere in Irish literature as a location associated with Dumbarton Rock. It is also regularly associated with King Arthur in poetry addressed to the Campbells.
An Irish Arthurian romance tale from before 1450 also places Arthur’s court there. The Red Hall may be identical to the Red Tower, a part of Dumbarton Castle that is recorded as being repaired in the fifteenth century.
Arthur’s Presence at Dumbarton
The idea that a son of King Arthur was born at Dumbarton Rock is not unusual. Arthur is strongly associated with that area in plenty of other traditions. In fact, in the poem Pa Gur, which may date back to c. 900, Arthur is presented as fighting a battle at Edinburgh, not far from Dumbarton.
Later, in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae, written in c. 1137, King Arthur is presented as fighting a campaign near enough to Dumbarton for him to leave his sick nephew there soon after the battle. This may well be the same as the battle at Edinburgh mentioned in Pa Gur.
The fact that Geoffrey describes Arthur as leaving his nephew there indicates that, even if it was not actually one of his courts, its ruler was friendly with Arthur. Therefore, based on Arthurian tradition at least as early as Geoffrey of Monmouth, Arthur could easily have fathered a child there, regardless of whether he actually controlled that site or not.
A Wild, Undaunted Person
The next notable piece of information provided about Smerbe is that ‘he was called by his agnomen or by-name the foot of the forest, because he was a wild and undaunted person.’
According to this, Smerbe was known as the ‘foot of the forest’. The reason was that he was wild and undaunted. This may well suggest that he was active in battle, for which acts he was remembered as being particularly brave and courageous. The forest in question is likely identifiable as the Caledonian Forest mentioned by the Romans, or the Celydon Wood as it appears in medieval Welsh tradition.
This forest covered a large portion of the border region between England and Scotland. This is consistent with Smerbe being born at Dumbarton and being the ancestor of Clan Campbell of Scotland.
It might be tempting to interpret this information about Smerbe being wild and associated with a forest as meaning that he was a crazy man in the sense of Myrddin Wyllt or other ‘wild men’ who were alleged to have lived in the forest.
However, the fact that Smerbe is said to have been a ‘great and famous person’ who married the sister of mighty King Aedan makes this unlikely. Interpreting him as a military leader of this region makes more sense when we take those pieces of information into account.
Marriage to King Aedan’s Sister
Let us now consider in more depth the final detail provided by Duncanson’s account of Smerbe. As we have already noted, Smerbe is said to have married the sister of King Aedan. He was the king of Dal Riada and was one of the most prominent kings of the north in the late-sixth and early-seventh centuries.
Aedan began his reign in 574 and died in about 609. His father, King Gabran, is recorded as dying in about 560. The interlude between the death of Gabran and the start of Aedan’s reign was filled by the rule of Aedan’s cousin.
If Smerbe was married to Aedan’s sister, then he had close marriage ties to one of the most powerful dynasties of late-sixth century Britain.
Chronology of Smerbe’s Life
Now that we have established what Smerbe’s career looked like, what can we say regarding the chronology of his life? For example, when in Arthur’s reign was he born?
The tradition recorded by Duncanson claimed that Smerbe was the son of Arthur’s second wife, and that Arthur’s first wife had died barren, or childless. This is not easily consistent with the rest of Arthurian tradition.
The dating evidence concerning Arthur’s various sons (particularly Gwydre, Amhar, Duran and Llacheu – see their individual articles) indicates that Arthur started to father them early on in his reign, continuing through a period of some twenty years or more.
Therefore, it is very unlikely (although not impossible) that they were all the sons of the same mother. They were almost certainly birthed by two different women. Admittedly, based on just this evidence, we could conclude that they were the second and third wives of Arthur, rather than the first and second.
Evidence from Le Petit Bruit
However, the Arthurian record entitled Le Petit Bruit, dating to 1309, strongly indicates that Arthur had children right around the time of the Battle of Camlann. It does so by portraying Arthur’s son Morgan as being educated by Gawain, who would only have been a young adult himself by the time of that battle.
Thus, this Morgan would have to have been the son of yet another wife, this naturally being the third. Therefore, the other, earlier children would have logically been the sons of the first and second wives.
Thus, the weight of Arthurian tradition contradicts the notion that any of Arthur’s three wives died without ever having any children. However, this does not mean that the tradition recorded by Duncanson is without explanation.
Children after Camlann
There are two key facts from Welsh tradition that have a vital part to play in understanding Smerbe.
The first is that Welsh tradition strongly suggests that Arthur survived the Battle of Camlann, although it was heavily damaging to his rule. This is seen, for example, in the Welsh Triads and in a comparison of Preiddeu Annwn with the Life of Merlin.
The second fact is that the four sons assigned to Arthur in Welsh tradition – Gwydre, Amhar, Duran and Llacheu – are all presented as dying either at or before the Battle of Camlann. Thus, after the Battle of Camlann, Arthur was left without any heirs. He would thus have been highly motivated to find another wife to produce an heir.
This is the most natural explanation for Duncanson’s statement about Arthur’s wife dying childless. She was not actually barren in that she had never produced any children (which, as we have seen, would contradict other Arthurian tradition), but she died childless in that all of her sons died before they could succeed Arthur.
Hence, Elizabeth (that is, Gwenhwyfar daughter of Gwythyr) was the wife taken by Arthur immediately after the Battle of Camlann to provide another heir for him.
Evidence from Duncanson
Interestingly, this conclusion harmonises very well with two details that Duncanson recorded about Smerbe.
Time of Birth
As we saw, Smerbe did not succeed Arthur to the position of high king because he was ‘lurking and unknown’.
If Smerbe had been an adult by the time Arthur’s reign ended, why would he have been unknown? The fact that he became a ‘great and famous person’ who married the sister of mighty King Aedan surely indicates that he became a king. Therefore, the most logical reason for why he was ‘lurking and unknown’ when it came time to find a successor for Arthur is simply that he was only a child.
This perfectly explains why Smerbe did not succeed Arthur as high king, while still becoming great and famous later.
This harmonises with the conclusion that Smerbe was born shortly after the Battle of Camlann in an attempt to provide an heir for Arthur. Although Arthur outlived that battle according to Welsh tradition, he cannot have outlived it for very long. By the time Arthur died of old age, Smerbe would likely have still been a child, since Arthur was probably close to seventy years old by the time Camlann was fought.
Place of Birth
Additional support for understanding Smerbe as the result of an attempt to produce an heir after the Battle of Camlann comes from Duncanson’s statement about where Smerbe was born. As discussed earlier, Smerbe was allegedly born at Dumbarton Rock in Scotland.
This works perfectly with the aforementioned scenario. According to the Welsh Triads, both Mordred and Arthur ravaged each other’s courts. Since Mordred is elsewhere described as taking Guinevere for himself, he no doubt ravaged Arthur’s court at that time.
On the other hand, however, there is no room for Arthur to have gone up to Mordred’s court in Lothian, Scotland, before the Battle of Camlann. Upon arriving in Britain after having been away for several years, Arthur fought Mordred’s army on the shore, before then chasing them and fighting them again at Camlann, where Mordred fell.
Thus, Arthur can only have gone to Mordred’s court to ravage it (as the Welsh Triads say he did) after Camlann. And, as we have just noted, Mordred’s territory was in Lothian in Scotland.
This was very close to the territory which the rulers based at Dumbarton Rock ruled over. Therefore, the fact that Smerbe is said to have been born at Dumbarton is perfectly consistent with concluding that he was born shortly after the Battle of Camlann, since Arthur was in that very region at that time.
Absolute Dates
Now that we have seen that Smerbe was apparently born shortly after the Battle of Camlann, what does this mean for his absolute dates?
Traditionally, the Battle of Camlann is dated to either 537 (per the Annales Cambriae) or 542 (per Geoffrey of Monmouth). This would mean that Smerbe’s birth can be placed in either of those years or just after.
However, some modern research indicates that there is reason to place Arthur’s career several decades later. For instance, Rachel Bromwich highlighted that the earliest chronological evidence concerning Maelgwn Gwynedd indicates that he may have been a late-sixth century king, rather than an early-sixth century king as traditionally believed.
Since Maelgwn was ruling some twenty years or so after the Battle of Camlann, this would place Camlann somewhere in the second half of the sixth century.
Furthermore, Mordred was the nephew of Urien Rheged and the first cousin of Owain, both of whom are firmly dated to the second half of the sixth century. Since Mordred’s father, Lot or Llew, was supposedly the twin brother of Urien, there is no chance that he fought against Arthur as early as c. 540.
The most convenient explanation for the discrepancy between the narrative information and the actual dates provided in the sources is that the dates were originally dated relative to Jesus’ death rather than his birth, but then a later scribe mistakenly interpreted them as being dated from his birth, as most dates were. This, therefore, would throw the dates back by some thirty-three years.
In other words, it is most likely that the date for the Battle of Camlann in the Annales Cambriae, 537, should be corrected to 570. The birth of Smerbe, therefore, should presumably be placed in c. 570 or 571.
Harmonising This with Smerbe’s Wife
How does this fit with the tradition that Smerbe married the sister of Aedan of Dal Riada, as we saw in Duncanson’s account?
Aedan appears to have been born in the mid-530s. However, he was evidently the eldest of Gabran’s sons, since Aedan succeeded him despite at least four other sons of Gabran being recorded. This suggests that Gabran continued having children until long after the birth of Aedan, even quite late in his life, not too long before his death. Therefore, a sister of Aedan could potentially have been born as late as 560.
We could also consider the fact that this sister may have been the daughter of Aedan’s stepmother. If Gabran continued having children until quite late, then his final children were almost certainly not birthed by the same woman as his earliest children.
After Gabran died, this final wife could easily have gone on to have children with another prince or king. Thus, the ‘sister’ of Aedan could have been born quite some time after Gabran’s death, such as c. 570, making her the same age as Smerbe.
Alternatively, it may simply be the case that Smerbe married a woman who was just over ten years older than him. While unusual, it would by no means be unheard of.
Did Smerbe Really Exist?
Is there any evidence that this legendary founder of Clan Campbell was a real person? Firstly, it should be noted that the tradition that Clan Campbell were descended from Britons is firmly rooted in the earliest records concerning that clan’s origins. Therefore, there is no inherent reason to view Smerbe’s historicity as suspect.
Of course, the main objection to his historicity is the fact that he first appears in a document written in c. 1400, long after he supposedly lived. However, this objection would be overturned if there is good reason for identifying him with another figure from earlier sources.
The most obvious fact worth considering regarding this issue is that, as we considered earlier, Le Petit Bruit presents Arthur as having children late in his life. His son Morgan is presented as being educated by Gawain, meaning that he must have been born around the time of the Battle of Camlann.
For the reasons that we have already considered, then, Morgan and the two other sons mentioned in Le Petit Bruit (all of whom were born from the same mother) were evidently the children Arthur fathered in an effort to secure an heir. This is exactly the same conclusion that the evidence points to concerning Smerbe.
Could it be, then, that Smerbe can actually be identified with one of the three sons mentioned in Le Petit Bruit?
Morgan the Son of King Arthur
The three late sons of Arthur mentioned in Le Petit Bruit are named Adeluf, Morgan, and Patrick. When we consider the earliest spellings of the name of Smerbe, it is evident which one he can be identified as.
In the MS 1467, Smerbe’s name is spelt ‘Meirbi’. In George Buchanan’s record, written in the following century, the spelling is ‘Mervin’. The initial ‘S’ came relatively late. With these early spellings in mind, it is evident that the name of this figure most closely matches that of Morgan.
The spelling ‘Mervin’ is especially close. We could easily understand the name of this figure as a scribal corruption of ‘Morgan’, particularly in view of the large gap between his alleged lifetime and the MS 1467 being written.
It is evident that the Morgan mentioned in Le Petit Bruit is Morgan ap Athrwys of southeast Wales. Le Petit Bruit explicitly says that Morgan lived in south Wales, and Athrwys is one of the leading candidates for the historical figure behind the tales of King Arthur.
Active in War in the North
Furthermore, there is evidence that Morgan ap Athrwys was active as a war leader in the north of Britain, just as Duncanson suggests about Smerbe.
This evidence comes in the form of the poem The Conversation of Myrddin and His Sister Gwenddydd, which heavily suggests that the Morgan who is recorded in the Historia Brittonum as fighting alongside Urien but later killing him in the late-sixth century was known as ‘Morgan Mawr ap Sadyrnin’.
Of the Morgans who lived in the sixth century, the only one of them associated with someone of a name like that was Morgan ap Athrwys. He was closely associated with an abbot named Saturn (another form of ‘Sadyrnin’) in the Book of Llandaff.
Therefore, this would heavily suggest that Morgan ap Athrwys was the one who fought against Urien and then later killed him out of envy at the end of the sixth century. Thus, he certainly fits Smerbe, the ‘great and famous’ but ‘wild and undaunted’ son of King Arthur.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Smerbe is the son of King Arthur according to Scottish tradition. He was the legendary ancestor of Clan Campbell and Clan Arthur. Smerbe appears to have been born right near the end of Arthur’s reign, just after the Battle of Camlann in an attempt to secure an heir for the king. Nonetheless, being only a child at the time of Arthur’s death, he was ‘lurking and unknown’ and thus did not succeed him as high king.
Still, Smerbe later became ‘great and famous’, and married the sister of Aedan of Dal Riada. However, he was ‘wild and undaunted’. He can almost certainly be identified as Morgan ap Athrwys and Morgan the killer of Urien Rheged.
Sources
Bartrum, Peter, A Welsh Classical Dictionary, 1993
Bromwich, Rachel, Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, 2014
MacPhail, Ian Murdoch MacLeod, Dumbarton Castle, 1979
Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies: Issue 3, 1982
Lloyd-Morgan, Ceridwen and Erich Poppe, Arthur in the Celtic Languages: The Arthurian Legend in Celtic Literatures and Traditions, 2019
Ashley, Mike, The Mammoth Book of King Arthur, 2011
Sellar, W D H, The Earliest Campbells – Normal, Briton, or Gael?, 1973
MS 1467: The Campbells, 2012
